第一篇文章

[TOC]

Linux学习笔记

存储管理

分区

• 传统MBR分区方式，最多4个主分区，无法创建大于2TB的分区

查看磁盘分区表

# lkc @ lkc-X550LD in ~ [18:38:29] 
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb783bed0

设备       启动     Start      末尾      扇区   Size Id 类型
/dev/sda1  *         2048   1026047   1024000   500M  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2         1026048 490051583 489025536 233.2G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3       490051584 694851583 204800000  97.7G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda4       694853630 976771071 281917442 134.4G  f W95 扩展 (LBA)
/dev/sda5       797255680 976771071 179515392  85.6G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6       694853632 797255679 102402048  48.8G 83 Linux

Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary.
Partition table entries are not in disk order.

挂载

mount [选项] [-o [选项]] 设备 挂载目录

# lkc @ lkc-X550LD in ~ [18:43:47] 
$ mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,relatime,size=4004316k,nr_inodes=1001079,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=805428k,mode=755)
/dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=35,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=14388)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime)
hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,relatime)
/dev/sda6 on /var/lib/docker/plugins type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
/dev/sda6 on /var/lib/docker/overlay2 type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=805424k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)
overlay on /var/lib/docker/overlay2/11f752fde5edf86629006ec82394104ea6d2aae976e6405ef6d4869778da429f/merged type overlay (rw,relatime,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/ZDXSUI2L7Y4HENN3T2GHYC5LJU:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/ADA5T6TYVRLYKPAVPODQNSCF52:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/XPMCVHKN3BEXXSALXLNSYUYFMO:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/5R26URBZ5NSECY72PGHX5WAWWK:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/FQZAI3MDWVDRY42VUHZ3YBOIKS:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/QPUPTA7AC26ZFQVTBCIAGHPF5U:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/XNABIOT3CIVDDNAUHXEEFXYEHP:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/CG5QFKLFHXWJQZ32DOHM2CJTJT:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/CHMNVKNFN5XGYYM3BJW5CR7WSJ,upperdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/11f752fde5edf86629006ec82394104ea6d2aae976e6405ef6d4869778da429f/diff,workdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/11f752fde5edf86629006ec82394104ea6d2aae976e6405ef6d4869778da429f/work)
shm on /var/lib/docker/containers/dd7824bd7e728c7b6d15cf01601083d97cf3b0618ae11564d6a77ef4130a41e5/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=65536k)
nsfs on /run/docker/netns/8f2aba219191 type nsfs (rw)
/dev/sda2 on /media/lkc/641042B510428E4C type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096,uhelper=udisks2)
/dev/sda3 on /media/lkc/新加卷 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096,uhelper=udisks2)

LVM逻辑卷

• 物理卷(PV):LVM的逻辑存储块
• 卷组(VG):磁盘设备,将单个或多个物理卷组合后生成卷组
• 物理长度(PE):将物理卷组合成卷组后,所划分的最小存储单位,默认PE为4MB
• 逻辑卷(LV):LVM的分区,可以指定从卷组中提取多少容量来创建逻辑卷,最后对其格式化并挂载使用

使用LVM对磁盘或分区进行初始化

pvcreate [选项] 物理卷 [物理卷...]

创建卷组

vgcreate [选项] 卷组名称 物理设备路径 [物理设备路径...]

从卷组中提取存储空间,创建逻辑卷

lvcreate [选项] 卷组名称或路径 [物理卷路径]

命令

1. 查看所有用户

   # lkc @ DESKTOP-8TLSHKQ in ~ [23:25:42] C:127
   $ groups
   lkc lp sudo users netdev lpadmin scanner sambashare docker

2. 查看安装位置

   # lkc @ DESKTOP-8TLSHKQ in /usr/bin [1:20:08] 
   $ whereis java
   java: /usr/share/java /opt/jdk1.8.0_151/bin/java /opt/jdk-9.0.1/bin/java

3. 重启网卡

   # lkc @ DESKTOP-8TLSHKQ in ~/Env/jdk1.8.0_161 [10:08:37] 
   $ sudo systemctl restart network-manager

4. 查看进程使用情况

   # lkc @ DESKTOP-8TLSHKQ in ~ [14:08:00] 
   $ top
   
   top - 14:09:00 up 12 min,  1 user,  load average: 3.39, 3.22, 2.06
   Tasks: 198 total,   2 running, 196 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
   %Cpu(s):  1.2 us,  0.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 62.5 id, 35.8 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
   KiB Mem :  8060400 total,   127856 free,   831072 used,  7101472 buff/cache
   KiB Swap:        0 total,        0 free,        0 used.  6606872 avail Mem 
   
     PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                               
    2402 lkc       20   0 2061320 134296  82028 S   2.0  1.7   0:06.12 deepin-music                                                                                          
     245 root      20   0   11512   2296   1708 D   1.0  0.0   0:13.56 mount.ntfs                                                                                            
     509 root      20   0  456196  15896  13132 S   0.7  0.2   0:00.83 NetworkManager                                                                                        
     929 lkc       20   0  905644  13424  10184 S   0.7  0.2   0:02.72 pulseaudio                                                                                            
    1156 lkc       20   0 1451700 103692  72056 S   0.7  1.3   0:04.79 dde-dock                                                                                              
    1341 lkc       20   0 2271888  52504  36204 S   0.7  0.7   0:02.86 dde-session-dae                                                                                       
    2508 lkc       20   0   48712   3716   3068 R   0.7  0.0   0:00.08 top                                                                                                   
       7 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.3  0.0   0:00.56 rcu_preempt                                                                                           
     278 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.3  0.0   0:05.37 loop0                                                                                                 
     425 message+  20   0   48384   4756   3376 S   0.3  0.1   0:00.97 dbus-daemon                                                                                           
     562 root      20   0  358204  82340  55460 S   0.3  1.0   0:16.03 Xorg                                                                                                  
     833 lkc       20   0   48020   3964   2644 S   0.3  0.0   0:00.97 dbus-daemon

   • 第一行：load average：最近一分钟内的平均系统负载为3.29，最近5分钟内的平均系统负载为3.22，最近15分钟内的平均系统负载为2.06
   • cpu行：us-用户空间占用的CPU百分比，sy-内核空间占用的CPU百分比，ni-改变过优先级的进程占用的CPU百分比，id-空闲CPU百分比，wa-I/O等待百分比，hi-硬中断占用的CPU百分比，si-软中断占用的CPU百分比
   • kib mem：物理内存总量-已使用的内存-空闲内存-缓存使用的内存
   • kib swap：虚拟内存总量-已使用的内存-空闲内存-缓冲的交换区总量

5. 系统服务管理器

   # lkc @ DESKTOP-8TLSHKQ in ~ [17:23:01] 
   $ systemctl list-units --type=service

   显示所有已启动的服务
   ​

   systemctl enable/disable httpd.service

   使某种服务自启动/不自启动
   ​

   systemctl start/stop/restart httpd.service

   启动/停止/重启某服务

6. 修复网卡信息没有eth0

   1. sudo vim /etc/default/grub

      GRUB_BACKGROUND="/boot/grub/themes/deepin/background.png"
      GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="splash quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"
      GRUB_DEFAULT="0"
      GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="`/usr/bin/lsb_release -d -s 2>/dev/null || echo Debian`"
      GRUB_GFXMODE="1024x768"
      GRUB_THEME="/boot/grub/themes/deepin/theme.txt"
      GRUB_TIMEOUT="1"

      在GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”splash quiet”后面加上net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0

   2. 重新生成grub配置文件

      grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

   3. 重启计算机

7. deepin无线网卡经常断
   关闭无线网卡的省电模式（他人解决方案）

   # lkc @ lkc-PC in ~ [21:37:31] 
   $ sudo iw dev wlan0 set power_save off
   
   # lkc @ lkc-PC in ~ [21:38:24] 
   $ sudo iwconfig wlan0  txpower fixed 20

   ​

8. ​